Methods and Compositions for Plant Pest Control

ABSTRACT

Provided are methods and compositions to improve fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance in various crop plants. Also provided are combinations of compositions and methods to improve fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance in various crop plants.

This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/783,260, filed on Mar. 14, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

A sequence listing is provided herewith as a part of this U.S. patent application via the USPTO's EFS system in the file named “40_(—)70_(—)59232_Seq_listing.txt” which is 101,482 bytes in size (measured in MS-Windows®), was created on Mar. 12, 2014, and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Powdery mildews are fungal diseases that affect a wide range of plants including cereals, grasses, vegetables, ornamentals, weeds, shrubs, fruit trees, broad-leaved shade and forest trees, that is caused by different species of fungi in the order Erysiphales. The disease is characterized by spots or patches of white to grayish, talcum-powder-like growth that produce tiny, pinhead-sized, spherical fruiting structures (the cleistothecia or overwintering bodies of the fungus), that are first white, later yellow-brown and finally black. The fungi that cause powdery mildews are host specific and cannot survive without the proper host plant. They produce mycelium (fungal threads) that grow only on the surface of the plant and feed by sending haustoria, or root-like structures, into the epidermal cells of the plant. The fungi overwinter on plant debris as cleistothecia or mycelia. In the spring, the cleistothecia produce spores that are moved to susceptible hosts by rain, wind or insects.

Powdery mildew disease is particularly prevalent in temperate and humid climates, where they frequently cause significant yield losses and quality reductions in various agricultural settings including greenhouse and field farming. This affects key cereals (e.g. barley and wheat), horticultural crops (e.g. grapevine, pea and tomato) and economically important ornamentals (e.g. roses). Limited access to natural sources of resistance to powdery mildews, rapid changes in pathogen virulence and the time consuming introgression of suitable resistance genes into elite varieties has led to the widespread use of fungicides to control the disease. This has not surprisingly led to the evolution and spread of fungicide resistance, which is especially dramatic amongst the most economically important powdery mildews.

Downy mildew diseases are caused by oomycete microbes from the family Peronosporaceae that are parasites of plants. Peronosporaceae are obligate biotrophic plant pathogens and parasitize their host plants as an intercellular mycelium using haustoria to penetrate the host cells. The downy mildews reproduce asexually by forming sporangia on distinctive white sporangiophores usually formed on the lower surface of infected leaves. These constitute the “downy mildew” and the initial symptoms appear on leaves as light green to yellow spots. The sporangia are wind-dispersed to the surface of other leaves. Depending on the genus, the sporangia may germinate by forming zoospores or by germ-tube. In the latter case, the sporangia behave like fungal conidia and are often referred to as such. Sexual reproduction is via oospores.

Most Peronosporaceae are pathogens of herbaceous dicots. Some downy mildew genera have relatively restricted host ranges, e.g. Basidiophora, Paraperonospora, Protobremia and Bremia on Asteraceae; Perofascia and Hyaloperonospora almost exclusively on Brassicaceae; Viennotia, Graminivora, Poakatesthia, Sclerospora and Peronosclerospora on Poaceae, Plasmoverna on Ranunculaceae. However, the largest genera, Peronospora and Plasmopara, have very wide host ranges.

In commercial agriculture, downy mildews are a particular problem for growers of crucifers, grapes and vegetables that grow on vines. Peronosporaceae of economic importance include Plasmopara viticola which infect grapevines, Peronospora tabacina which causes blue mold on tobacco, Bremia lactucae, a parasite on lettuce, and Plasmopara halstedii on sunflower.

Rusts (Pucciniales, formerly Uredinales) are obligate biotrophic parasites of vascular plants. Rusts affect a variety of plants; leaves, stems, fruits and seeds and is most commonly seen as coloured powder, composed of tiny aeciospores which land on vegetation producing pustules, or uredia, that form on the lower surfaces. During late spring or early summer, yellow orange or brown, hairlike or ligulate structures called telia grow on the leaves or emerge from bark of woody hosts. These telia produce teliospores which will germinate into aerial basidiospores, spreading and causing further infection.

The Death No Defense 1 (DND1) gene was identified from an Arabidopsis mutant unable to mount a Hypersensitive Response upon challenge by avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strains but nevertheless able to control pathogen infection (Yu I C, Parker J, Bent A F. Gene-for-gene disease resistance without the hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis dnd1 mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998 95(13):7819-24). The DND1 mutant was subsequently shown to be a loss of function allele in the AtCNGC2, a cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel which results in constitutively elevated salicylic acid levels and increased pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression (Clough S J et al. The Arabidopsis dnd1 “defense, no death” gene encodes a mutated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000 97(16):9323-8). In addition to elevated resistance to Pseudomonas, the DND1 Arabidopsis mutant demonstrated higher resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and X. c. pv. Raphani (bacteria), Peronospora parasitica (oomycete) and Tobacco ringspot virus. However plants exhibit a dwarf phenotype and were conditional lesion mimics under certain conditions

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present embodiments provide for compositions comprising polynucleotide molecules and methods for treating a plant to alter or regulate gene or gene transcript expression in the plant, for example, by providing RNA or DNA for inhibition of expression. Various aspects provide compositions comprising polynucleotide molecules and related methods for topically applying such compositions to plants to regulate endogenous DND1 genes in a plant cell. The polynucleotides, compositions, and methods disclosed herein are useful in decreasing levels of DND1 transcript and improving fungal disease and/or nematode resistance of a plant.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide molecules are provided in compositions that can permeate or be absorbed into living plant tissue to initiate localized, partially systemic, or systemic gene inhibition or regulation. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide molecules ultimately provide to a plant, or allow the in planta production of, RNA that is capable of hybridizing under physiological conditions in a plant cell to RNA transcribed from a target endogenous gene or target transgene in the plant cell, thereby effecting regulation of the endogenous DND1 target gene. In certain embodiments, regulation of the DND1 target gene, such as by silencing or suppression of the target gene, leads to the upregulation of another gene that is itself affected or regulated by decreasing the DND1 target gene's expression.

In certain aspects or embodiments, the topical application of a composition comprising an exogenous polynucleotide and a transfer agent to a plant or plant part according to the methods described herein does not necessarily result in nor require the exogenous polynucleotide's integration into a chromosome of the plant. In certain aspects or embodiments, the topical application of a composition comprising an exogenous polynucleotide and a transfer agent to a plant or plant part according to the methods described herein does not necessarily result in nor require transcription of the exogenous polynucleotide from DNA integrated into a chromosome of the plant. In certain embodiments, topical application of a composition comprising an exogenous polynucleotide and a transfer agent to a plant according to the methods described herein also does not necessarily require that the exogenous polynucleotide be physically bound to a particle, such as in biolistic mediated introduction of polynucleotides associated with a gold or tungsten particles into internal portions of a plant, plant part, or plant cell. An exogenous polynucleotide used in certain methods and compositions provided herein can optionally be associated with an operably linked promoter sequence in certain embodiments of the methods provided herein. However, in other embodiments, an exogenous polynucleotide used in certain methods and compositions provided herein is not associated with an operably linked promoter sequence. Also, in certain embodiments, an exogenous polynucleotide used in certain methods and compositions provided herein is not operably linked to a viral vector.

In certain embodiments, methods for improving fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance in a plant comprising topically applying compositions comprising a polynucleotide and a transfer agent that suppress the target DND1 gene are provided. In certain embodiments, methods for selectively suppressing the target DND1 gene by topically applying the polynucleotide composition to a plant surface at one or more selected seed, vegetative, or reproductive stage(s) of plant growth are provided. Such methods can provide for gene suppression in a plant or plant part on an as needed or as desired basis. In certain embodiments, methods for selectively suppressing the target DND1 gene by topically applying the polynucleotide composition to a plant surface at one or more pre-determined seed, vegetative, or reproductive stage(s) of plant growth are provided. Such methods can provide for DND1 gene suppression in a plant or plant part that obviates any undesired or unnecessary effects of suppressing the genes expression at certain seed, vegetative, or reproductive stage(s) of plant development.

In certain embodiments, methods for selectively improving fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance in a plant by topically applying the polynucleotide composition to the plant surface at one or more selected seed, vegetative, or reproductive stage(s) are provided. Such methods can provide for improved fungal disease resistance and/or nematode disease resistance in a plant or plant part on an as needed or as desired basis. In certain embodiments, methods for selectively improving fungal disease and/or nematode resistance in a plant by topically applying the polynucleotide composition to the plant surface at one or more predetermined seed, vegetative, or reproductive stage(s) are provided. Such methods can provide for improving fungal disease and/or nematode resistance in a plant or plant part that obviates any undesired or unnecessary effects of suppressing DND1 gene expression at certain seed, vegetative, or reproductive stage(s) of plant development.

Polynucleotides that can be used to suppress a DND1 include, but are not limited to, any of: i) polynucleotides comprising at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a gene or a transcript of the gene(s) of SEQ ID NO: 1-33; ii) polynucleotides comprising at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 34-59; iii) polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 34-59 (Table 2); or iv) SEQ ID NO: 64-67 (Table 4). Methods and compositions that provide for the topical application of certain polynucleotides in the presence of transfer agents can be used to suppress DND1 gene expression in an optimal manner. In certain embodiments, the compositions provided herein can be applied on an “as needed” basis upon scouting for the occurrence of fungal disease or nematodes. In certain embodiments, the compositions can be applied in a manner that obviates any deleterious effects on yield or other characteristics that can be associated with suppression of DND1 gene expression in a crop plant. The applied polynucleotides are complementary to the DND1 target host gene in plants and their topical application leads to suppression of the DND1 gene's activity.

Provided herein are compositions and methods for controlling plant fungal diseases. Plant fungal diseases that can be controlled with the methods and compositions provided herein include, but are not limited to, obligate biotrophic powdery mildew, downy mildew and rust fungal infestations in plants. In certain embodiments, methods and compositions for reducing expression of one or more host plant DND1 polynucleotide and/or protein molecules in one or more cells or tissues of the plant such that the plant is rendered less susceptible to fungal infections from the order Erysiphales, the family Peronosporaceae or the order Pucciniales, are provided. In certain embodiments, nucleotide and amino acid sequences of plant DND1 genes which can be downregulated by methods and compositions provided herein to increase plant resistance to powdery mildew, downy mildew or rust infection are disclosed.

Also provided herein are methods and compositions that provide for reductions in expression of DND1 target polynucleotide and protein molecules in at least the cells of a plant root and for improved resistance to nematodes. Nematodes that can be controlled by the methods and compositions provided herein include, but are not limited to, root knot nematodes (such as Meloidogyne sp.), cyst nematodes (such as Globodera sp. and Heterodera sp.), lesion nematodes (such as Pratylenchus sp.), and the like. In certain embodiments, DND1 expression is reduced in plant root cells from which nematodes feed by providing topically to plant leaves, shoots, roots and/or seeds compositions comprising polynucleotides that comprise at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a DND1 gene or to a transcript of the DND1 gene; and a transfer agent.

Also provided are methods and compositions where topically induced reductions in DND1 transcript or protein levels are used to achieve powdery mildew, downy mildew or rust control while minimizing deleterious pleiotropic effects in the host plant. Such methods and compositions provide for optimized levels of DND1 gene inhibition and/or optimized timing of DND1 gene inhibition.

Certain embodiments are directed to methods for producing a plant exhibiting an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance comprising topically applying to a plant surface a composition that comprises:

a. at least one polynucleotide that comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a DND1 gene or to a transcript of the gene; and b. a transfer agent, wherein the plant exhibits an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance that results from suppression of the DND1 gene. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide molecule comprises sense ssDNA, sense ssRNA, dsRNA, dsDNA, a double stranded DNA/RNA hybrid, anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34-59, or wherein the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1-33. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 64-67. In certain embodiments: (a) the plant is a cucumber plant, the gene or the transcript is a cucumber DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 7, 11, or 19; (b) the plant is a soybean plant, the gene or the transcript is a soybean DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide molecule is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34-59, or the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 21, or 31; (c) the plant is a lettuce plant, the gene or the transcript is a lettuce DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5 or 9; (d) the plant is a tomato plant, the gene or the transcript is a tomato DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6, 10, 64, 65, 66 or 67; (e) the plant is a barley plant, the gene or the transcript is a barley DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8 or 12; (f) the plant is a cotton plant, the gene or the transcript is a cotton DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 18, 25 or 26; (g) the plant is a melon plant, the gene or the transcript is a melon DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 15, 27, or 28; (h) the plant is a maize plant, the gene or the transcript is a maize DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 16, 20, 29, or 30; (i) the plant is a rice plant, the gene or the transcript is a rice DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 17, 22, 32, or 33; or, (j) the plant is a wheat plant, the gene or the transcript is a wheat DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 23 or 24. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises any combination of two or more polynucleotide molecules. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is at least 18 to about 24, about 25 to about 50, about 51 to about 100, about 101 to about 300, about 301 to about 500, or at least about 500 or more residues in length. In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a polynucleotide that suppresses an herbicide target gene, an insecticide, a fungicide, a nematocide, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule and the plant is resistant to the herbicidal molecule. In certain embodiments, the transfer agent comprises an organosilicone preparation. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is not operably linked to a viral vector. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is not integrated into the plant chromosome. Further embodiments are directed to: a plant made according to any of the above-described methods; progeny of plants that exhibit the improvements in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance; seed of the plants, wherein seed from the plants exhibits the improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance; and a processed product of the plants, the progeny plants, or the seeds, wherein the processed products exhibit the improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance. In certain embodiments, the processed product of the plant or plant part exhibits an improved attribute relative to a processed product of an untreated control plant and the improved attribute results from the improved fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance. An improved attribute of a processed product can include, but is not limited to, decreased mycotoxin content, improved nutritional content, improved storage characteristics, improved flavor, improved consistency, and the like when compared to a processed product obtained from an untreated plant or plant part.

An additional embodiment is directed to a composition comprising a polynucleotide molecule that comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a DND1 gene or transcript of the gene, wherein the polynucleotide is not operably linked to a promoter; and, b) a transfer agent. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34-59, or the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1-33. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 64-67. In certain embodiments: (a) the plant is a cucumber plant, the gene or the transcript is a cucumber DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 7, 11, or 19; (b) the plant is a soybean plant, the gene or the transcript is a soybean DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide molecule is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34-59, or the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 21, or 31; (c) the plant is a lettuce plant, the gene or the transcript is a lettuce DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5 or 9; (d) the plant is a tomato plant, the gene or the transcript is a tomato DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6, 10, 64, 65, 66 or 67; (e) the plant is a barley plant, the gene or the transcript is a barley DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8 or 12; (f) the plant is a cotton plant, the gene or the transcript is a cotton DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 18, 25 or 26; (g) the plant is a melon plant, the gene or the transcript is a melon DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 15, 27, or 28; (h) the plant is a maize plant, the gene or the transcript is a maize DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 16, 20, 29, or 30; (i) the plant is a rice plant, the gene or the transcript is a rice DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 17, 22, 32, or 33; or, (j) the plant is a wheat plant, the gene or the transcript is a wheat DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 23 or 24. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is at least 18 to about 24, about 25 to about 50, about 51 to about 100, about 101 to about 300, about 301 to about 500, or at least about 500 or more residues in length. In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a polynucleotide that suppresses an herbicide target gene, an insecticide, a fungicide, a nematocide, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the transfer agent is an organosilicone preparation. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is not physically bound to a biolistic particle.

Another embodiment is directed to a method of making a composition comprising the step of combining at least: (a) a polynucleotide molecule comprising at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a DND1 gene or transcript of a plant, wherein the polynucleotide is not operably linked to a promoter or a viral vector; and, (b) a transfer agent. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is obtained by in vivo biosynthesis, in vitro enzymatic synthesis, or chemical synthesis. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises combining with the polynucleotide and the transfer agent at least one of a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, an insecticide, a fungicide, and/or a nematocide. In certain embodiments, the transfer agent is an organosilicone preparation.

Yet another embodiment is directed to a method of identifying a polynucleotide for improving fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance in a plant comprising; (a) selecting a population of polynucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a DND1 gene or transcript of a plant; (b) topically applying to a surface of at least one of the plants a composition comprising at least one polynucleotide from the population and an transfer agent to obtain a treated plant; and, (c) identifying a treated plant that exhibits suppression of the DND1 gene or exhibits an improvement in fungal disease resistance or exhibits an improvement in nematode resistance, thereby identifying a polynucleotide that improves fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance in the plant. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34-59, or the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1-33. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 64-67. In certain embodiments: (a) the plant is a cucumber plant, the gene or the transcript is a cucumber DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 7, 11, or 19; (b) the plant is a soybean plant, the gene or the transcript is a soybean DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide molecule is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34-59, or the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 21, or 31; (c) the plant is a lettuce plant, the gene or the transcript is a lettuce DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5 or 9; (d) the plant is a tomato plant, the gene or the transcript is a tomato DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6, 10, 64, 65, 66 or 67; (e) the plant is a barley plant, the gene or the transcript is a barley DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8 or 12; (f) the plant is a cotton plant, the gene or the transcript is a cotton DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 18, 25 or 26; (g) the plant is a melon plant, the gene or the transcript is a melon DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 15, 27, or 28; (h) the plant is a maize plant, the gene or the transcript is a maize DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 16, 20, 29, or 30; (i) the plant is a rice plant, the gene or the transcript is a rice DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 17, 22, 32, or 33; or, (j) the plant is a wheat plant, the gene or the transcript is a wheat DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 23 or 24.

A further embodiment is directed to a plant comprising an exogenous polynucleotide that comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a DND1 gene or transcript of the gene, wherein the exogenous polynucleotide is not operably linked to a promoter or to a viral vector, is not integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the plant, and is not found in a non-transgenic plant; and, wherein the plant exhibits an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance that results from suppression of the DND1 gene. In certain embodiments, plant further comprises an organosilicone compound or a component thereof. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34-59, or comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1-33. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 64-67. In certain embodiments: (a) the plant is a cucumber plant, the gene or the transcript is a cucumber DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 7, 11, or 19; (b) the plant is a soybean plant, the gene or the transcript is a soybean DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide molecule is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34-59, or the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 21, or 31; (c) the plant is a lettuce plant, the gene or the transcript is a lettuce DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5 or 9; (d) the plant is a tomato plant, the gene or the transcript is a tomato DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6, 10, 64, 65, 66 or 67; (e) the plant is a barley plant, the gene or the transcript is a barley DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8 or 12; (f) the plant is a cotton plant, the gene or the transcript is a cotton DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 18, 25 or 26; (g) the plant is a melon plant, the gene or the transcript is a melon DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 15, 27, or 28; (h) the plant is a maize plant, the gene or the transcript is a maize DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 16, 20, 29, or 30; (i) the plant is a rice plant, the gene or the transcript is a rice DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 17, 22, 32, or 33; or, (j) the plant is a wheat plant, the gene or the transcript is a wheat DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 23 or 24.

An additional embodiment is directed to a plant part comprising an exogenous polynucleotide that comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a DND1 gene or transcript of the gene, wherein the exogenous polynucleotide is not operably linked to a promoter or to a viral vector and is not found in a non-transgenic plant; and, wherein the plant part exhibits an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance that results from suppression of the DND1 gene. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34-59, or wherein the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1-33. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 64-67. In certain embodiments: (a) the plant is a cucumber plant, the gene or the transcript is a cucumber DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 11, or 19; (b) the plant is a soybean plant, the gene or the transcript is a soybean DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide molecule is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34-59, or the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 21, or 31; (c) the plant is a lettuce plant, the gene or the transcript is a lettuce DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5 or 9; (d) the plant is a tomato plant, the gene or the transcript is a tomato DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6, 10, 64, 65, 66 or 67; (e) the plant is a barley plant, the gene or the transcript is a barley DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8 or 12; (f) the plant is a cotton plant, the gene or the transcript is a cotton DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 18, 25 or 26; (g) the plant is a melon plant, the gene or the transcript is a melon DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 15, 27, or 28; (h) the plant is a maize plant, the gene or the transcript is a maize DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 16, 20, 29, or 30; (i) the plant is a rice plant, the gene or the transcript is a rice DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 17, 22, 32, or 33; or, (j) the plant is a wheat plant, the gene or the transcript is a wheat DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 23 or 24. In certain embodiments, the plant part is a flower, meristem, ovule, stem, tuber, fruit, anther, pollen, leaf, root, or seed. In certain embodiments, the plant part is a seed. Also provided are processed plant products obtained from any of the aforementioned plant parts, wherein the processed plant products exhibit an improved attribute relative to a processed plant product of an untreated control plant and wherein the improved attribute results from the improved fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance. In certain embodiments, the processed product is a meal, a pulp, a feed, or a food product. Another embodiment is directed to a plant that exhibits an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance, wherein the plant was topically treated with a composition that comprises: (a) at least one polynucleotide that comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a DND1 gene or to a transcript of the gene; and (b) a transfer agent; and, wherein the plant exhibits an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance that results from suppression of the DND1 gene.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the efficacy of certain DND1 ssDNA trigger sequences to Phytophthora sojae root rot (PRR).

FIG. 2 shows the average total cysts removed from 4 replicas per treatment.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the results of an evaluation of Tomato Powdery Mildew disease in treated plants.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Definitions

The following definitions and methods are provided to better define the present invention and to guide those of ordinary skill in the art in the practice of the present invention. Unless otherwise noted, terms are to be understood according to conventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art.

Where a term is provided in the singular, the inventors also contemplate embodiments described by the plural of that term.

As used herein, the terms “DNA,” “DNA molecule,” and “DNA polynucleotide molecule” refer to a single-stranded DNA or double-stranded DNA molecule of genomic or synthetic origin, such as, a polymer of deoxyribonucleotide bases or a DNA polynucleotide molecule.

As used herein, the terms “DNA sequence,” “DNA nucleotide sequence,” and “DNA polynucleotide sequence” refer to the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.

As used herein, the term “gene” refers to any portion of a nucleic acid that provides for expression of a transcript or encodes a transcript. A “gene” thus includes, but is not limited to, a promoter region, 5′ untranslated regions, transcript encoding regions that can include intronic regions, and 3′ untranslated regions.

As used herein, the terms “RNA,” “RNA molecule,” and “RNA polynucleotide molecule” refer to a single-stranded RNA or double-stranded RNA molecule of genomic or synthetic origin, such as, a polymer of ribonucleotide bases that comprise single or double stranded regions.

Unless otherwise stated, nucleotide sequences in the text of this specification are given, when read from left to right, in the 5′ to 3′ direction. The nomenclature used herein is that required by Title 37 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations §1.822 and set forth in the tables in WIPO Standard ST.25 (1998), Appendix 2, Tables 1 and 3.

As used herein, a “plant surface” refers to any exterior portion of a plant. Plant surfaces thus include, but are not limited to, the surfaces of flowers, stems, tubers, fruit, anthers, pollen, leaves, roots, or seeds. A plant surface can be on a portion of a plant that is attached to other portions of a plant or on a portion of a plant that is detached from the plant.

As used herein, the phrase “polynucleotide is not operably linked to a promoter” refers to a polynucleotide that is not covalently linked to a polynucleotide promoter sequence that is specifically recognized by either a DNA dependent RNA polymerase II protein or by a viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase in such a manner that the polynucleotide will be transcribed by the DNA dependent RNA polymerase II protein or viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase. A polynucleotide that is not operably linked to a promoter can be transcribed by a plant RNA dependent RNA polymerase.

As used herein, any polynucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1-33, 34-63 and 64-67, though displayed in the sequence listing in the form of ssDNA, encompass all other polynucleotide forms such as dsDNA equivalents, ssDNA equivalents, ssRNA equivalents, ssRNA complements, dsRNA, and ssDNA complements.

As used herein, a first nucleic-acid sequence is “operably” connected or “linked” with a second nucleic acid sequence when the first nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter is operably linked to an RNA and/or protein-coding sequence if the promoter provides for transcription or expression of the RNA or coding sequence. Generally, operably linked DNA sequences are contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein-coding regions, are in the same reading frame.

As used herein, the phrase “organosilicone preparation” refers to a liquid comprising one or more organosilicone compounds, wherein the liquid or components contained therein, when combined with a polynucleotide in a composition that is topically applied to a target plant surface, enable the polynucleotide to enter a plant cell. Exemplary organosilicone preparations include, but are not limited to, preparations marketed under the trade names “Silwet®” or “BREAK-THRU®” and preparations provided in Table 1. In certain embodiments, an organosilicone preparation can enable a polynucleotide to enter a plant cell in a manner permitting a polynucleotide suppression of target gene expression in the plant cell.

As used herein, the phrase “provides for an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance” refers- to any measurable increase in a plants resistance to fungal- and/or nematode-induced damage. In certain embodiments, an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance in a plant or plant part can be determined in a comparison to a control plant or plant part that has not been treated with a composition comprising a polynucleotide and a transfer agent. When used in this context, a control plant is a plant that has not undergone treatment with polynucleotide and a transfer agent. Such control plants would include, but are not limited to, untreated plants or mock treated plants.

As used herein, the phrase “provides for a reduction”, when used in the context of a transcript or a protein in a plant or plant part, refers to any measurable decrease in the level of transcript or protein in a plant or plant part. In certain embodiments, a reduction of the level of a transcript or protein in a plant or plant part can be determined in a comparison to a control plant or plant part that has not been treated with a composition comprising a polynucleotide and a transfer agent. When used in this context, a control plant or plant part is a plant or plant part that has not undergone treatment with polynucleotide and a transfer agent. Such control plants or plant parts would include, but are not limited to, untreated or mock treated plants and plant parts.

As used herein, the phrase “wherein said plant does not comprise a transgene” refers to a plant that lacks either a DNA molecule comprising a promoter that is operably linked to a polynucleotide or a recombinant viral vector.

As used herein, the phrase “suppressing expression” or “suppression”, when used in the context of a gene, refers any measurable decrease in the amount and/or activity of a product encoded by the gene. Thus, expression of a gene can be suppressed when there is a reduction in levels of a transcript from the gene, a reduction in levels of a protein encoded by the gene, a reduction in the activity of the transcript from the gene, a reduction in the activity of a protein encoded by the gene, any one of the preceding conditions, or any combination of the preceding conditions. In this context, the activity of a transcript includes, but is not limited to, its ability to be translated into a protein and/or to exert any RNA-mediated biologic or biochemical effect. In this context, the activity of a protein includes, but is not limited to, its ability to exert any protein-mediated biologic or biochemical effect. In certain embodiments, a suppression of gene expression in a plant or plant part can be determined in a comparison of gene product levels or activities in a treated plant to a control plant or plant part that has not been treated with a composition comprising a polynucleotide and a transfer agent. When used in this context, a control plant or plant part is a plant or plant part that has not undergone treatment with polynucleotide and a transfer agent. Such control plants or plant parts would include, but are not limited to, untreated or mock treated plants and plant parts.

As used herein, the term “transcript” corresponds to any RNA that is produced from a gene by the process of transcription. A transcript of a gene can thus comprise a primary transcription product which can contain introns or can comprise a mature RNA that lacks introns.

As used herein, the term “liquid” refers to both homogeneous mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions.

II. Overview

Provided herein are certain methods and polynucleotide compositions that can be applied to living plant cells/tissues to suppress expression of target genes and that provide improved fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance to a crop plant. Also provided herein are plants and plant parts exhibiting fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance as well as processed products of such plants or plant parts. The compositions may be topically applied to the surface of a plant, such as to the surface of a leaf, and include a transfer agent. Aspects of the method can be applied to various crops, for example, including but not limited to: i) row crop plants including, but are not limited to, corn, barley, sorghum, soybean, cotton, canola, sugar beet, alfalfa, sugarcane, rice, and wheat; ii) vegetable plants including, but not limited to, tomato, potato, sweet pepper, hot pepper, melon, watermelon, cucumber, eggplant, cauliflower, broccoli, lettuce, spinach, onion, peas, carrots, sweet corn, Chinese cabbage, leek, fennel, pumpkin, squash or gourd, radish, Brussels sprouts, tomatillo, garden beans, dry beans, or okra; iii) culinary plants including, but not limited to, basil, parsley, coffee, or tea; iv) fruit plants including but not limited to apple, pear, cherry, peach, plum, apricot, banana, plantain, table grape, wine grape, citrus, avocado, mango, or berry; v) a tree grown for ornamental or commercial use, including, but not limited to, a fruit or nut tree; or, vi) an ornamental plant (e.g., an ornamental flowering plant or shrub or turf grass). The methods and compositions provided herein can also be applied to plants produced by a cutting, cloning, or grafting process (i.e., a plant not grown from a seed) that include fruit trees and plants. Fruit trees produced by such processes include, but are not limited to, citrus and apple trees. Plants produced by such processes include, but are not limited to, avocados, tomatoes, eggplant, cucumber, melons, watermelons, and grapes as well as various ornamental plants.

Without being bound by theory, the compositions and methods as described herein are believed to operate through one or more of the several natural cellular pathways involved in RNA-mediated gene suppression as generally described in Brodersen and Voinnet (2006), Trends Genetics, 22:268-280; Tomari and Zamore (2005) Genes & Dev., 19:517-529; Vaucheret (2006) Genes Dev., 20:759-771; Meins et al. (2005) Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 21:297-318; and Jones-Rhoades et al. (2006) Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 57:19-53. RNA-mediated gene suppression generally involves a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) intermediate that is formed intra-molecularly within a single RNA molecule or inter-molecularly between two RNA molecules. This longer dsRNA intermediate is processed by a ribonuclease of the RNAase III family (Dicer or Dicer-like ribonuclease) to one or more shorter double-stranded RNAs, one strand of which is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (“RISC”). For example, the siRNA pathway involves the cleavage of a longer double-stranded RNA intermediate to small interfering RNAs (“siRNAs”). The size of siRNAs is believed to range from about 19 to about 25 base pairs, but the most common classes of siRNAs in plants include those containing 21 to 24 base pairs (See, Hamilton et al. (2002) EMBO J., 21:4671-4679).

Polynucleotides

As used herein, “polynucleotide” refers to a DNA or RNA molecule containing multiple nucleotides and generally refers both to “oligonucleotides” (a polynucleotide molecule of 18-25 nucleotides in length) and longer polynucleotides of 26 or more nucleotides. Embodiments include compositions including oligonucleotides having a length of 18-25 nucleotides (18-mers, 19-mers, 20-mers, 21-mers, 22-mers, 23-mers, 24-mers, or 25-mers), or medium-length polynucleotides having a length of 26 or more nucleotides (polynucleotides of 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, or about 300 nucleotides), or long polynucleotides having a length greater than about 300 nucleotides (e.g., polynucleotides of between about 300 to about 400 nucleotides, between about 400 to about 500 nucleotides, between about 500 to about 600 nucleotides, between about 600 to about 700 nucleotides, between about 700 to about 800 nucleotides, between about 800 to about 900 nucleotides, between about 900 to about 1000 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 500 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 600 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 700 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 800 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 900 nucleotides, or about 1000 nucleotides in length, or even greater than about 1000 nucleotides in length, for example up to the entire length of a target gene including coding or non-coding or both coding and non-coding portions of the target gene). Where a polynucleotide is double-stranded, its length can be similarly described in terms of base pairs.

Polynucleotide compositions used in the various embodiments include compositions including oligonucleotides, polynucleotides, or a mixture of both, including: RNA or DNA or RNA/DNA hybrids or chemically modified oligonucleotides or polynucleotides or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide may be a combination of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, for example, synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal deoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal dideoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or pseudouridine. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes chemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see, for example, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171287, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171176, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152353, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152346, and U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0160082, which are herein incorporated by reference. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, the naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide which can be partially or completely modified with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled with a fluorescent moiety (e.g., fluorescein or rhodamine) or other label (e.g., biotin).

Polynucleotides can be single- or double-stranded RNA, single- or double-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrids, and modified analogues thereof. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotides that provide single-stranded RNA in the plant cell may be: (a) a single-stranded RNA molecule (ssRNA), (b) a single-stranded RNA molecule that self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded RNA molecule, (c) a double-stranded RNA molecule (dsRNA), (d) a single-stranded DNA molecule (ssDNA), (e) a single-stranded DNA molecule that self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded DNA molecule, (f) a single-stranded DNA molecule including a modified Pol III gene that is transcribed to an RNA molecule, (g) a double-stranded DNA molecule (dsDNA), (h) a double-stranded DNA molecule including a modified Pol III gene that is transcribed to an RNA molecule, and (i) a double-stranded, hybridized RNA/DNA molecule, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, these polynucleotides can comprise both ribonucleic acid residues and deoxyribonucleic acid residues. In certain embodiments, these polynucleotides include chemically modified nucleotides or non-canonical nucleotides. In certain embodiments of the methods, the polynucleotides include double-stranded DNA formed by intramolecular hybridization, double-stranded DNA formed by intermolecular hybridization, double-stranded RNA formed by intramolecular hybridization, or double-stranded RNA formed by intermolecular hybridization. In certain embodiments where the polynucleotide is a dsRNA, the anti-sense strand will comprise at least 18 nucleotides that are essentially complementary to the target gene. In certain embodiments the polynucleotides include single-stranded DNA or single-stranded RNA that self-hybridizes to form a hairpin structure having an at least partially double-stranded structure including at least one segment that will hybridize to RNA transcribed from the gene targeted for suppression. Not intending to be bound by any mechanism, it is believed that such polynucleotides are or will produce single-stranded RNA with at least one segment that will hybridize to RNA transcribed from the gene targeted for suppression. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotides can be operably linked to a promoter—generally a promoter functional in a plant, for example, a pol II promoter, a pol III promoter, a pol IV promoter, or a pol V promoter.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide molecules are designed to modulate expression by inducing regulation or suppression of an endogenous gene in a plant and are designed to have a nucleotide sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to the nucleotide sequence of an endogenous gene of a plant or to the sequence of RNA transcribed from an endogenous gene of a plant, which can be coding sequence or non-coding sequence. These effective polynucleotide molecules that modulate expression are referred to herein as “a trigger, or triggers”. By “essentially identical” or “essentially complementary” it is meant that the trigger polynucleotides (or at least one strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide) have sufficient identity or complementarity to the endogenous gene or to the RNA transcribed from the endogenous gene (e.g. the transcript) to suppress expression of the endogenous gene (e.g. to effect a reduction in levels or activity of the gene transcript and/or encoded protein). Polynucleotides of the methods and compositions provided herein need not have 100 percent identity to a complementarity to the endogenous gene or to the RNA transcribed from the endogenous gene (i.e. the transcript) to suppress expression of the endogenous gene (i.e. to effect a reduction in levels or activity of the gene transcript or encoded protein). Thus, in certain embodiments, the polynucleotide or a portion thereof is designed to be essentially identical to, or essentially complementary to, a sequence of at least 18 or 19 contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or messenger RNA transcribed from the target gene (e.g. the transcript). In certain embodiments, an “essentially identical” polynucleotide has 100 percent sequence identity or at least about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence identity when compared to the sequence of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides in either the endogenous target gene or to an RNA transcribed from the target gene (e.g. the transcript). In certain embodiments, an “essentially complementary” polynucleotide has 100 percent sequence complementarity or at least about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence complementarity when compared to the sequence of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or RNA transcribed from the target gene.

In certain embodiments, polynucleotides used in the methods and compositions provided herein can be essentially identical or essentially complementary to any of: i) conserved regions of DND1 genes of both monocot and dicot plants; ii) conserved regions of DND1 genes of monocot plants; or iii) conserved regions of DND1 genes of dicot plants. Such polynucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to such conserved regions can be used to improve fungal disease resistance and/or nematode disease resistance by suppressing expression of DND1 genes in any of: i) both dicot and monocot plants, including, but not limited to, maize, barley, wheat, sorghum, rice, cucumber, pea, Medicago sp., soybean, pepper, tomato, lettuce, cotton, melon, and grape; ii) monocot plants, including, but not limited to, maize, barley, wheat, sorghum, and rice, and; or iii) dicot plants, including, but not limited to, cucumber, pea, Medicago sp., soybean, pepper, tomato, lettuce, cotton, melon, and grape.

Polynucleotides containing mismatches to the target gene or transcript can thus be used in certain embodiments of the compositions and methods provided herein. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide can comprise at least 19 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to said gene or said transcript or comprises at least 19 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to the target gene or target gene transcript. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 19 continuous nucleotides that is essentially identical or essentially complementary to the endogenous target gene or to RNA transcribed from the target gene (e.g. the transcript) can have 1 or 2 mismatches to the target gene or transcript. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 20 or more nucleotides that contains a contiguous 19 nucleotide span of identity or complementarity to the endogenous target gene or to an RNA transcribed from the target gene can have 1 or 2 mismatches to the target gene or transcript. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 21 continuous nucleotides that is essentially identical or essentially complementary to the endogenous target gene or to RNA transcribed from the target gene (e.g. the transcript) can have 1, 2, or 3 mismatches to the target gene or transcript. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 22 or more nucleotides that contains a contiguous 21 nucleotide span of identity or complementarity to the endogenous target gene or to an RNA transcribed from the target gene can have 1, 2, or 3 mismatches to the target gene or transcript. In designing polynucleotides with mismatches to an endogenous target gene or to an RNA transcribed from the target gene, mismatches of certain types and at certain positions that are more likely to be tolerated can be used. In certain exemplary embodiments, mismatches formed between adenine and cytosine or guanosine and uracil residues are used as described by Du et al. Nucleic Acids Research, 2005, Vol. 33, No. 5 1671-1677. In certain exemplary embodiments, mismatches in 19 base pair overlap regions can be at the low tolerance positions 5, 7, 8 or 11 (from the 5′ end of a 19 nucleotide target) with well tolerated nucleotide mismatch residues, at medium tolerance positions 3, 4, and 12-17, and/or at the high tolerance nucleotide positions at either end of the region of complementarity (i.e. positions 1, 2, 18, and 19) as described by Du et al. Nucleic Acids Research, 2005, Vol. 33, No. 5 1671-1677. It is further anticipated that tolerated mismatches can be empirically determined in assays where the polynucleotide is applied to the plants via the methods provided herein and the treated plants assayed for suppression of DND1 expression or appearance of fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance.

In certain embodiments, polynucleotide molecules are designed to have 100 percent sequence identity with or complementarity to one allele or one family member of a given target gene coding or non-coding sequence of a DND1 target gene. In other embodiments, the polynucleotide molecules are designed to have 100 percent sequence identity with or complementarity to multiple alleles or family members of a given DND1 target gene. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide can thus comprise at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are identical or complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1-33. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1-33. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are identical or complementary to SEQ ID NO: 64-67. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 64-67.

In certain embodiments, polynucleotide compositions and methods provided herein typically effect regulation or modulation (e.g., suppression) of gene expression during a period during the life of the treated plant of at least 1 week or longer and typically in systemic fashion. For instance, within days of treating a plant leaf with a polynucleotide composition as described herein, primary and transitive siRNAs can be detected in other leaves lateral to and above the treated leaf and in apical tissue. In certain embodiments, methods of systemically suppressing expression of a gene in a plant, the methods comprising treating said plant with a composition comprising at least one polynucleotide and a transfer agent, wherein said polynucleotide comprises at least 18 or at least 19 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a gene or a transcript encoding a DND1 gene of the plant are provided, whereby expression of the gene in said plant or progeny thereof is systemically suppressed in comparison to a control plant that has not been treated with the composition.

Compositions used to suppress a target gene can comprise one or more polynucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to multiple genes, or to multiple segments of one or more genes. In certain embodiments, compositions used to suppress a target gene can comprise one or more polynucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to multiple consecutive segments of a target gene, multiple non-consecutive segments of a target gene, multiple alleles of a target gene, or multiple target genes from one or more species.

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes two or more copies of a nucleotide sequence (of 18 or more nucleotides) where the copies are arranged in tandem fashion. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide includes two or more copies of a nucleotide sequence (of 18 or more nucleotides) where the copies are arranged in inverted repeat fashion (forming an at least partially self-complementary strand). The polynucleotide can include both tandem and inverted-repeat copies. Whether arranged in tandem or inverted repeat fashion, each copy can be directly contiguous to the next, or pairs of copies can be separated by an optional spacer of one or more nucleotides. The optional spacer can be unrelated sequence (i.e., not essentially identical to or essentially complementary to the copies, nor essentially identical to, or essentially complementary to, a sequence of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of the endogenous target gene or RNA transcribed from the endogenous target gene). Alternatively the optional spacer can include sequence that is complementary to a segment of the endogenous target gene adjacent to the segment that is targeted by the copies. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes two copies of a nucleotide sequence of between about 20 to about 30 nucleotides, where the two copies are separated by a spacer no longer than the length of the nucleotide sequence.

Tiling

Polynucleotide trigger molecules can be identified by “tiling” gene targets in random length fragments, e.g. 200-300 polynucleotides in length, with partially overlapping regions, e.g. 25 or so nucleotide overlapping regions along the length of the target gene. Multiple gene target sequences can be aligned and polynucleotide sequence regions with homology in common are identified as potential trigger molecules for multiple targets. Multiple target sequences can be aligned and sequence regions with poor homology are identified as potential trigger molecules for selectively distinguishing targets. To selectively suppress a single gene, trigger sequences may be chosen from regions that are unique to the target gene either from the transcribed region or the non-coding regions, e.g., promoter regions, 3′ untranslated regions, introns and the like.

Polynucleotides fragments are designed along the length of the full length coding and untranslated regions of a DND1 gene or family member as contiguous overlapping fragments of 200-300 polynucleotides in length or fragment lengths representing a percentage of the target gene. These fragments are applied topically (as sense or anti-sense ssDNA or ssRNA, dsRNA, or dsDNA) to determine the relative effectiveness in providing the yield/quality phenotype. Fragments providing the desired activity may be further subdivided into 50-60 polynucleotide fragments which are evaluated for providing the yield/quality phenotype. The 50-60 base fragments with the desired activity may then be further subdivided into 19-30 base fragments which are evaluated for providing the yield/quality phenotype. Once relative effectiveness is determined, the fragments are utilized singly, or in combination in one or more pools to determine effective trigger composition or mixture of trigger polynucleotides for providing the yield/quality phenotype.

Coding and/or non-coding sequences of gene families in the crop of interest are aligned and 200-300 polynucleotide fragments from the least homologous regions amongst the aligned sequences are evaluated using topically applied polynucleotides (as sense or anti-sense ssDNA or ssRNA, dsRNA, or dsDNA) to determine their relative effectiveness in providing the yield/quality phenotype. The effective segments are further subdivided into 50-60 polynucleotide fragments, prioritized by least homology, and reevaluated using topically applied polynucleotides. The effective 50-60 polynucleotide fragments are subdivided into 19-30 polynucleotide fragments, prioritized by least homology, and again evaluated for induction of the yield/quality phenotype. Once relative effectiveness is determined, the fragments are utilized singly, or again evaluated in combination with one or more other fragments to determine the trigger composition or mixture of trigger polynucleotides for providing the yield/quality phenotype.

Coding and/or non-coding sequences of gene families in the crop of interest are aligned and 200-300 polynucleotide fragments from the most homologous regions amongst the aligned sequences are evaluated using topically applied polynucleotides (as sense or anti-sense ssDNA or ssRNA, dsRNA, or dsDNA) to determine their relative effectiveness in inducing the yield/quality phenotype. The effective segments are subdivided into 50-60 polynucleotide fragments, prioritized by most homology, and reevaluated using topically applied polynucleotides. The effective 50-60 polynucleotide fragments are subdivided into 19-30 polynucleotide fragments, prioritized by most homology, and again evaluated for induction of the yield/quality phenotype. Once relative effectiveness is determined, the fragments may be utilized singly, or in combination with one or more other fragments to determine the trigger composition or mixture of trigger polynucleotides for providing the yield/quality phenotype.

Also, provided herein are methods for identifying a preferred polynucleotide for improving fungal disease and/or nematode resistance in a plant. Populations of candidate polynucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a DND1 gene or transcript of the gene can be generated by a variety of approaches, including but not limited to, any of the tiling, least homology, or most homology approaches provided herein. Such populations of polynucleotides can also be generated or obtained from any of the polynucleotides or genes provided herewith in SEQ ID NO: 1-59. Such populations of polynucleotides can also be generated or obtained from any of the polynucleotides provided herewith in SEQ ID NO: 64-67. Such populations of polynucleotides can also be generated or obtained from any genes that are orthologous to the genes provided herewith in SEQ ID NO: 1-33. Such populations of polynucleotides can also be generated or obtained from any genes that encode orthologous proteins. Such polynucleotides can be topically applied to a surface of plants in a composition comprising at least one polynucleotide from said population and a transfer agent to obtain treated plants. Treated plants that exhibit suppression of the DND1 gene and/or exhibit an improvement fungal disease and/or nematode resistance are identified, thus identifying a preferred polynucleotide that improves improving fungal disease and/or nematode resistance in a plant. Suppression of the gene can be determined by any assay for the levels and for activity of a gene product (i.e. transcript or protein). Suitable assays for transcripts include, but are not limited to, semi-quantitative or quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR® (qRT-PCR) assays. Suitable assays for proteins include, but are not limited to, semi-quantitative or quantitative immunoassays, biochemical activity assays, or biological activity assays. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotides can be applied alone. In other embodiments, the polynucleotides can be applied in pools of multiple polynucleotides. When a pool of polynucleotides provides for suppression of the DND1 gene and/or an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode disease resistance are identified, the pool can be de-replicated and retested as necessary or desired to identify one or more preferred polynucleotide(s) that improves fungal disease resistance and/or nematode disease resistance in a plant.

Methods of making polynucleotides are well known in the art. Such methods of making polynucleotides can include in vivo biosynthesis, in vitro enzymatic synthesis, or chemical synthesis. In certain embodiments, RNA molecules can be made by either in vivo or in vitro synthesis from DNA templates where a suitable promoter is operably linked to the polynucleotide and a suitable DNA-dependent RNA polymerase is provided. DNA-dependent RNA polymerases include, but are not limited to, E. coli or other bacterial RNA polymerases as well as the bacteriophage RNA polymerases such as the T7, T3, and SP6 RNA polymerases. Commercial preparation of oligonucleotides often provides two deoxyribonucleotides on the 3′ end of the sense strand. Long polynucleotide molecules can be synthesized from commercially available kits, for example, kits from Applied Biosystems/Ambion (Austin, Tex.) have DNA ligated on the 5′ end that encodes a bacteriophage T7 polymerase promoter that makes RNA strands that can be assembled into a dsRNA. Alternatively, dsRNA molecules can be produced from expression cassettes in bacterial cells that have regulated or deficient RNase III enzyme activity. Long polynucleotide molecules can also be assembled from multiple RNA or DNA fragments. In some embodiments design parameters such as Reynolds score (Reynolds et al. Nature Biotechnology 22, 326-330 (2004) and Tuschl rules (Pei and Tuschl, Nature Methods 3(9): 670-676, 2006) are known in the art and are used in selecting polynucleotide sequences effective in gene silencing. In some embodiments random design or empirical selection of polynucleotide sequences is used in selecting polynucleotide sequences effective in gene silencing. In some embodiments the sequence of a polynucleotide is screened against the genomic DNA of the intended plant to minimize unintentional silencing of other genes.

While there is no upper limit on the concentrations and dosages of polynucleotide molecules that can be useful in the methods and compositions provided herein, lower effective concentrations and dosages will generally be sought for efficiency. The concentrations can be adjusted in consideration of the volume of spray or treatment applied to plant leaves or other plant part surfaces, such as flower petals, stems, tubers, fruit, anthers, pollen, leaves, roots, or seeds. In one embodiment, a useful treatment for herbaceous plants using 25-mer polynucleotide molecules is about 1 nanomole (nmol) of polynucleotide molecules per plant, for example, from about 0.05 to 1 nmol polynucleotides per plant. Other embodiments for herbaceous plants include useful ranges of about 0.05 to about 100 nmol, or about 0.1 to about 20 nmol, or about 1 nmol to about 10 nmol of polynucleotides per plant. In certain embodiments, about 40 to about 50 nmol of a ssDNA polynucleotide are applied. In certain embodiments, about 0.5 nmol to about 2 nmol of a dsRNA is applied. In certain embodiments, a composition containing about 0.5 to about 2.0 mg/mL, or about 0.14 mg/mL of dsRNA or ssDNA (21-mer) is applied. In certain embodiments, a composition of about 0.5 to about 1.5 mg/mL of a long dsRNA polynucleotide (i.e. about 50 to about 200 or more nucleotides) is applied. In certain embodiments, about 1 nmol to about 5 nmol of a dsRNA is applied to a plant. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide composition as topically applied to the plant contains the at least one polynucleotide at a concentration of about 0.01 to about 10 milligrams per milliliter, or about 0.05 to about 2 milligrams per milliliter, or about 0.1 to about 2 milligrams per milliliter. In certain embodiments, a composition of about 0.5 to about 1.5 mg/mL of a long dsRNA polynucleotide (i.e. about 50 to about 200 or more nucleotides) is applied. Very large plants, trees, or vines may require correspondingly larger amounts of polynucleotides. When using long dsRNA molecules that can be processed into multiple oligonucleotides, lower concentrations can be used. To illustrate certain embodiments, the factor 1×, when applied to oligonucleotide molecules is arbitrarily used to denote a treatment of 0.8 nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant; 10×, 8 nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant; and 100×, 80 nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant.

The polynucleotide compositions as described herein are useful in compositions, such as liquids that comprise polynucleotide molecules, alone or in combination with other components either in the same liquid or in separately applied liquids that provide a transfer agent. As used herein, a transfer agent is an agent that, when combined with a polynucleotide in a composition that is topically applied to a target plant surface, enables the polynucleotide to enter a plant cell. In certain embodiments, a transfer agent is an agent that conditions the surface of plant tissue, e.g., seeds, leaves, stems, roots, flowers, or fruits, to permeation by the polynucleotide molecules into plant cells. The transfer of polynucleotides into plant cells can be facilitated by the prior or contemporaneous application of a polynucleotide-transferring agent to the plant tissue. In some embodiments the transferring agent is applied subsequent to the application of the polynucleotide composition. The polynucleotide transfer agent enables a pathway for polynucleotides through cuticle wax barriers, stomata and/or cell wall or membrane barriers into plant cells. Suitable transfer agents to facilitate transfer of the polynucleotide into a plant cell include agents that increase permeability of the exterior of the plant or that increase permeability of plant cells to oligonucleotides or polynucleotides. Such agents to facilitate transfer of the composition into a plant cell include a chemical agent, or a physical agent, or combinations thereof. Chemical agents for conditioning or transfer include (a) surfactants, (b) an organic solvent or an aqueous solution or aqueous mixtures of organic solvents, (c) oxidizing agents, (d) acids, (e) bases, (f) oils, (g) enzymes, or combinations thereof. Embodiments of the method can optionally include an incubation step, a neutralization step (e.g., to neutralize an acid, base, or oxidizing agent, or to inactivate an enzyme), a rinsing step, or combinations thereof. Embodiments of agents or treatments for conditioning of a plant to permeation by polynucleotides include emulsions, reverse emulsions, liposomes, and other micellar-like compositions. Embodiments of agents or treatments for conditioning of a plant to permeation by polynucleotides include counter-ions or other molecules that are known to associate with nucleic acid molecules, e.g., inorganic ammonium ions, alkyl ammonium ions, lithium ions, polyamines such as spermine, spermidine, or putrescine, and other cations. Organic solvents useful in conditioning a plant to permeation by polynucleotides include DMSO, DMF, pyridine, N-pyrrolidine, hexamethylphosphoramide, acetonitrile, dioxane, polypropylene glycol, other solvents miscible with water or that will dissolve phosphonucleotides in non-aqueous systems (such as is used in synthetic reactions). Naturally derived or synthetic oils with or without surfactants or emulsifiers can be used, e.g., plant-sourced oils, crop oils (such as those listed in the 9^(th) Compendium of Herbicide Adjuvants, publicly available on the worldwide web (internet) at herbicide.adjuvants.com can be used, e.g., paraffinic oils, polyol fatty acid esters, or oils with short-chain molecules modified with amides or polyamines such as polyethyleneimine or N-pyrrolidine. Transfer agents include, but are not limited to, organosilicone preparations.

In certain embodiments, an organosilicone preparation that is commercially available as Silwet® L-77 surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, and currently available from Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. can be used to prepare a polynucleotide composition. In certain embodiments where a Silwet L-77 organosilicone preparation is used as a pre-spray treatment of plant leaves or other plant surfaces, freshly made concentrations in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e.g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) are efficacious in preparing a leaf or other plant surface for transfer of polynucleotide molecules into plant cells from a topical application on the surface. In certain embodiments of the methods and compositions provided herein, a composition that comprises a polynucleotide molecule and an organosilicone preparation comprising Silwet L-77 in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e.g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) is used or provided. In certain embodiments of the methods and compositions provided herein, a composition that comprises a polynucleotide molecule and an organosilicone preparation comprising Silwet L-77 in the range of about 0.3 to about 1 percent by weight (wt percent) or about 0.5 to about 1% by weight (wt percent) is used or provided.

In certain embodiments, any of the commercially available organosilicone preparations provided in the following Table 1 can be used as transfer agents in a polynucleotide composition. In certain embodiments where an organosilicone preparation of Table 1 is used as a pre-spray treatment of plant leaves or other surfaces, freshly made concentrations in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e.g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) are efficacious in preparing a leaf or other plant surface for transfer of polynucleotide molecules into plant cells from a topical application on the surface. In certain embodiments of the methods and compositions provided herein, a composition that comprises a polynucleotide molecule and an organosilicone preparation of Table 1 in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e.g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) is used or provided.

TABLE 1 Exemplary organosilicone preparations Name CAS number Manufacturer ^(1, 2) BREAK-THRU ® S 321 na Evonik Industries AG BREAK-THRU ® S 200 67674-67-3 Evonik Industries AG BREAK-THRU ® OE 441 68937-55-3 Evonik Industries AG BREAK-THRU ® S 278 27306-78-1 Evonik Goldschmidt BREAK-THRU ® S 243 na Evonik Industries AG Silwet ® L-77 27306-78-1 Momentive Performance Materials Silwet ® HS 429 na Momentive Performance Materials Silwet ® HS 312 na Momentive Performance Materials BREAK-THRU ® S 233 134180-76-0 Evonik Industries AG Silwet ® HS 508 Momentive Performance Materials Silwet ® HS 604 Momentive Performance Materials ¹ Evonik Industries AG, Essen, Germany ² Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, New York

Organosilicone preparations used in the methods and compositions provided herein can comprise one or more effective organosilicone compounds. As used herein, the phrase “effective organosilicone compound” is used to describe any organosilicone compound that is found in an organosilicone preparation that enables a polynucleotide to enter a plant cell. In certain embodiments, an effective organosilicone compound can enable a polynucleotide to enter a plant cell in a manner permitting a polynucleotide mediated suppression of a target gene expression in the plant cell. In general, effective organosilicone compounds include, but are not limited to, compounds that can comprise: i) a trisiloxane head group that is covalently linked to, ii) an alkyl linker including, but not limited to, an n-propyl linker, that is covalently linked to, iii) a poly glycol chain, that is covalently linked to, iv) a terminal group. Trisiloxane head groups of such effective organosilicone compounds include, but are not limited to, heptamethyltrisiloxane. Alkyl linkers can include, but are not limited to, an n-propyl linker. Poly glycol chains include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol. Poly glycol chains can comprise a mixture that provides an average chain length “n” of about “7.5”. In certain embodiments, the average chain length “n” can vary from about 5 to about 14. Terminal groups can include, but are not limited to, alkyl groups such as a methyl group. Effective organosilicone compounds are believed to include, but are not limited to, trisiloxane ethoxylate surfactants or polyalkylene oxide modified heptamethyl trisiloxane.

One organosilicone compound believed to be ineffective comprises the formula:

In certain embodiments, an organosilicone preparation that comprises an organosilicone compound comprising a trisiloxane head group is used in the methods and compositions provided herein. In certain embodiments, an organosilicone preparation that comprises an organosilicone compound comprising a heptamethyltrisiloxane head group is used in the methods and compositions provided herein. In certain embodiments, an organosilicone composition that comprises Compound I is used in the methods and compositions provided herein. In certain embodiments, an organosilicone composition that comprises Compound I is used in the methods and compositions provided herein. In certain embodiments of the methods and compositions provided herein, a composition that comprises a polynucleotide molecule and one or more effective organosilicone compound in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e.g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) is used or provided.

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions that comprise an organosilicone preparation can comprise a salt such as ammonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, and/or ammonium sulfate. Ammonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, and/or ammonium sulfate can be provided in the polynucleotide composition at a concentration of about 0.5% to about 5% (w/v). An ammonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, and/or ammonium sulfate concentration of about 1% to about 3%, or about 2% (w/v) can also be used in the polynucleotide compositions that comprise an organosilicone preparation. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions can comprise an ammonium salt at a concentration greater or equal to 300 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions that comprise an organosilicone preparation can comprise ammonium sulfate at concentrations from about 80 to about 1200 mM or about 150 mM to about 600 mM.

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions can also comprise a phosphate salt. Phosphate salts used in the compositions include, but are not limited to, calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sodium phosphate salts. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions can comprise a phosphate salt at a concentration of at least about 5 millimolar, at least about 10 millimolar, or at least about 20 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions will comprise a phosphate salt in a range of about 1 mM to about 25 mM or in a range of about 5 mM to about 25 mM. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions can comprise sodium phosphate at a concentration of at least about 5 millimolar, at least about 10 millimolar, or at least about 20 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions can comprise sodium phosphate at a concentration of about 5 millimolar, about 10 millimolar, or about 20 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions will comprise a sodium phosphate salt in a range of about 10 mM to about 160 mM or in a range of about 20 mM to about 40 mM. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions can comprise a sodium phosphate buffer at a pH of about 6.8.

In certain embodiments, other useful transfer agents or adjuvants to transfer agents that can be used in polynucleotide compositions provided herein include surfactants and/or effective molecules contained therein. Surfactants and/or effective molecules contained therein include, but are not limited to, sodium or lithium salts of fatty acids (such as tallow or tallowamines or phospholipids) and organosilicone surfactants. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions that comprise a transfer agent are formulated with counter-ions or other molecules that are known to associate with nucleic acid molecules. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, tetraalkyl ammonium ions, trialkyl ammonium ions, sulfonium ions, lithium ions, and polyamines such as spermine, spermidine, or putrescine. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions are formulated with a non-polynucleotide herbicide. Non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecules include, but are not limited to, glyphosate, auxin-like benzoic acid herbicides including dicamba, chloramben and TBA, glufosinate, auxin-like herbicides including phenoxy carboxylic acid herbicide, pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide, quinoline carboxylic acid herbicide, pyrimidine carboxylic acid herbicide, and benazolin-ethyl herbicide, sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, bromoxynil, delapon, cyclohezanedione, protoporphyrionogen oxidase inhibitors, and 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase inhibiting herbicides.

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotides used in the compositions that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to the DND1 target gene or transcript will comprise the predominant nucleic acid in the composition. Thus in certain embodiments, the polynucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to the target gene or transcript will comprise at least about 50%, 75%, 95%, 98%, or 100% of the nucleic acids provided in the composition by either mass or molar concentration. However, in certain embodiments, the polynucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to the target gene or transcript can comprise at least about 1% to about 50%, about 10% to about 50%, about 20% to about 50%, or about 30% to about 50% of the nucleic acids provided in the composition by either mass or molar concentration. Also provided are compositions where the polynucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to the target gene or transcript can comprise at least about 1% to 100%, about 10% to 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 50%, or about 50% to a 100% of the nucleic acids provided in the composition by either mass or molar concentration.

Polynucleotides comprising ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA, dsRNA, or RNA/DNA hybrids that are essentially identical or complementary to certain plant target genes or transcripts and that can be used in compositions containing transfer agents that include, but are not limited to, organosilicone preparations, to suppress those target genes when topically applied to plants are disclosed in co-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/042,856. Various polynucleotide herbicidal molecules, compositions comprising those polynucleotide herbicidal molecules and transfer agents that include, but are not limited to, organosilicone preparations, and methods whereby herbicidal effects are obtained by the topical application of such compositions to plants are also disclosed in co-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/042,856, and those polynucleotide herbicidal molecules, compositions, and methods are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Genes encoding proteins that can provide tolerance to an herbicide and/or that are targets of a herbicide are collectively referred to herein as “herbicide target genes”. Herbicide target genes include, but are not limited to, a 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), a glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX), a glyphosate decarboxylase, a glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase (GAT), a dicamba monooxygenase, a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, a 2,2-dichloropropionic acid dehalogenase, an acetohydroxyacid synthase, an acetolactate synthase, a haloarylnitrilase, an acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase), a dihydropteroate synthase, a phytoene desaturase (PDS), a protoporphyrin IX oxygenase (PPO), a hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), a para-aminobenzoate synthase, a glutamine synthase, a cellulose synthase, a beta tubulin, and a serine hydroxymethyltransferase gene. The effects of applying certain compositions comprising polynucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to certain herbicide target genes and transfer agents on plants containing the herbicide target genes was shown to be potentiated or enhanced by subsequent application of an herbicide that targets the same gene as the polynucleotide in co-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/042,856. For example, compositions comprising polynucleotides targeting the EPSPS herbicide target gene were potentiated by glyphosate in experiments disclosed in co-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/042,856.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods disclosed herein, the composition comprising a polynucleotide and a transfer agent can thus further comprise a second polynucleotide comprising at least 19 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a transcript to a protein that confers resistance to a herbicide. In certain embodiments, the second polynucleotide does not comprise a polynucleotide that is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a transcript encoding a protein of a target plant that confers resistance to said herbicidal molecule. Thus, in an exemplary and non-limiting embodiment, the second polynucleotide could be essentially identical or essentially complementary to a transcript encoding a protein that confers resistance to a herbicide in a weed (such as an EPSPS encoding transcript) but would not be essentially identical or essentially complementary to a transcript encoding a protein that confers resistance to that same herbicide in a crop plant.

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions that comprise a transfer agent can comprise glycerin. Glycerin can be provided in the composition at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 1% (w/v or v/v). A glycerin concentration of about 0.4% to about 0.6%, or about 0.5% (w/v or v/v) can also be used in the polynucleotide compositions that comprise a transfer agent.

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions that comprise a transfer agent can further comprise organic solvents. Such organic solvents include, but are not limited to, DMSO, DMF, pyridine, N-pyrrolidine, hexamethylphosphoramide, acetonitrile, dioxane, polypropylene glycol, other solvents miscible with water or that will dissolve phosphonucleotides in non-aqueous systems (such as is used in synthetic reactions).

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide compositions that comprise a transfer agent can further comprise naturally derived or synthetic oils with or without surfactants or emulsifiers. Such oils include, but are not limited to, plant-sourced oils, crop oils (such as those listed in the 9th Compendium of Herbicide Adjuvants, publicly available on line at www.herbicide.adjuvants.com), paraffinic oils, polyol fatty acid esters, or oils with short-chain molecules modified with amides or polyamines such as polyethyleneimine or N-pyrrolidine.

In some embodiments, methods include one or more applications of the composition comprising a polynucleotide and a transfer agent or one or more effective components contained therein. In certain embodiments of the methods, one or more applications of a transfer agent or one or more effective components contained therein can precede one or more applications of the composition comprising a polynucleotide and a transfer agent. In embodiments where a transfer agent and/or one or more effective molecules contained therein is used either by itself as a pre-treatment or as part of a composition that includes a polynucleotide, embodiments of the polynucleotide molecules are double-stranded RNA oligonucleotides, single-stranded RNA oligonucleotides, double-stranded RNA polynucleotides, single-stranded RNA polynucleotides, double-stranded DNA oligonucleotides, single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides, double-stranded DNA polynucleotides, single-stranded DNA polynucleotides, chemically modified RNA or DNA oligonucleotides or polynucleotides or mixtures thereof.

Compositions and methods as described herein are useful for modulating or suppressing the expression of an endogenous DND1 target gene or transgenic DND1 target gene in a plant cell or plant. In certain embodiments of the methods and compositions provided herein, expression of DND1 target genes can be suppressed completely, partially and/or transiently to result in an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance. In various embodiments, a DND1 target gene includes coding (protein-coding or translatable) sequence, non-coding (non-translatable) sequence, or both coding and non-coding sequence. Compositions as described herein can include polynucleotides and oligonucleotides designed to target multiple DND1 genes, or multiple segments of one or more DND1 genes. The target gene can include multiple consecutive segments of a target DND1 gene, multiple non-consecutive segments of a DND1 target gene, multiple alleles of a target gene, or multiple DND1 target genes from one or more species. DND1 target genes include, but are not limited to, the endogenous DND1 plant genes of SEQ ID NO: 1-33. DND1 target genes include, but are not limited to, DND1 plant genes that encode orthologous proteins or essentially homologous proteins having between about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions.

Target genes and plants containing those target genes can be obtained from: i) row crop plants including, but are not limited to, corn, soybean, cotton, canola, sugar beet, alfalfa, sugarcane, rice, and wheat; ii) vegetable plants including, but not limited to, tomato, potato, sweet pepper, hot pepper, melon, watermelon, cucumber, eggplant, cauliflower, broccoli, lettuce, spinach, onion, peas, carrots, sweet corn, Chinese cabbage, leek, fennel, pumpkin, squash or gourd, radish, Brussels sprouts, tomatillo, garden beans, dry beans, or okra; iii) culinary plants including, but not limited to, basil, parsley, coffee, or tea; iv) fruit plants including but not limited to apple, pear, cherry, peach, plum, apricot, banana, plantain, table grape, wine grape, citrus, avocado, mango, or berry; v) a tree grown for ornamental or commercial use, including, but not limited to, a fruit or nut tree; or, vi) an ornamental plant (e.g., an ornamental flowering plant or shrub or turf grass). The methods and compositions provided herein can also be applied to plants produced by a cutting, cloning, or grafting process (i.e., a plant not grown from a seed) include fruit trees and plants that include, but are not limited to, citrus, apples, avocados, tomatoes, eggplant, cucumber, melons, watermelons, and grapes as well as various ornamental plants. Such row crop, vegetable, culinary, fruit, tree, or ornamental plants exhibiting improvements in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance that result from suppressing DND1 gene expression are provided herein. Such row crop, vegetable, culinary, fruit, tree, or ornamental plant parts or processed plant products exhibiting improvements in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance that result from suppressing DND1 gene expression are also provided herein. Such plant parts can include, but are not limited to, flowers, stems, tubers, fruit, anthers, meristems, ovules, pollen, leaves, or seeds. Such processed plant products obtained from the plant parts can include, but are not limited to, a meal, a pulp, a feed, or a food product.

In some embodiments, a method for modulating or suppressing expression of an DND1 gene in a plant including (a) conditioning of a plant to permeation by polynucleotides and (b) treatment of the plant with the polynucleotide molecules, wherein the polynucleotide molecules include at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides cloned from or otherwise identified from the DND1 target gene in either anti-sense or sense orientation, whereby the polynucleotide molecules permeate the interior of the plant and induce modulation of the target gene is provided. The conditioning and polynucleotide application can be performed separately or in a single step. When the conditioning and polynucleotide application are performed in separate steps, the conditioning can precede or can follow the polynucleotide application within minutes, hours, or days. In some embodiments more than one conditioning step or more than one polynucleotide molecule application can be performed on the same plant. In embodiments of the method, the segment can be cloned or identified from (a) coding (protein-encoding), (b) non-coding (promoter and other gene related molecules), or (c) both coding and non-coding parts of the DND1 target gene. Non-coding parts include DNA, such as promoter regions or the RNA transcribed by the DNA that provide RNA regulatory molecules, including but not limited to: introns, 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions, and microRNAs (miRNA), trans-acting siRNAs, natural anti-sense siRNAs, and other small RNAs with regulatory function or RNAs having structural or enzymatic function including but not limited to: ribozymes, ribosomal RNAs, t-RNAs, aptamers, and riboswitches. In certain embodiments where the polynucleotide used in the composition comprises a promoter sequence essentially identical to, or essentially complementary to, at least 18 contiguous nucleotides of the promoter of the endogenous target gene, the promoter sequence of the polynucleotide is not operably linked to another sequence that is transcribed from the promoter sequence.

Compositions comprising a polynucleotide and a transfer agent provided herein can be topically applied to a plant or plant part by any convenient method, e.g., spraying or coating with a powder, or with a liquid composition comprising any of an emulsion, suspension, or solution. Such topically applied sprays or coatings can be of either all or of any a portion of the surface of the plant or plant part. Similarly, compositions that comprise a transfer agent or other pre-treatment can in certain embodiments be applied to the plant or plant part by any convenient method, e.g., spraying or wiping a solution, emulsion, or suspension. Compositions comprising a polynucleotide and a transfer agent provided herein can be topically applied to plant parts that include, but are not limited to, flowers, stems, tubers, meristems, ovules, fruit, anthers, pollen, leaves, or seeds.

Application of compositions comprising a polynucleotide and a transfer agent to seeds is specifically provided herein. Seeds can be contacted with such compositions by spraying, misting, immersion, and the like.

In certain embodiments, application of compositions comprising a polynucleotide and a transfer agent to plants, plant parts, or seeds in particular can provide for an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance in progeny plants, plant parts, or seeds derived from those treated plants, plant parts, or seeds. In certain embodiments, progeny plants, plant parts, or seeds derived from those treated plants, plant parts, or seeds will exhibit an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance that result from suppressing expression of a DND1 gene. In certain embodiments, the methods and compositions provided herein can provide for an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance in progeny plants or seeds as a result of epigenetically inherited suppression of DND1 expression. In certain embodiments, such progeny plants exhibit an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance from epigenetically inherited suppression of DND1 gene expression that is not caused by a transgene where the polynucleotide is operably linked to a promoter, a viral vector, or a copy of the polynucleotide that is integrated into a non-native location in the chromosomal DNA of the plant. Without seeking to be limited by theory, progeny plants or seeds derived from those treated plants, plant parts, or seeds can exhibit an improvement in an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance through an epigenetic mechanism that provides for propagation of an epigenetic condition where suppression of DND1 gene expression occurs in the progeny plants, plant parts, or plant seeds.

In certain embodiments, progeny plants or seeds exhibiting an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance as a result of epigenetically inherited suppression of DND1 gene expression can also exhibit increased methylation, and in particular, increased methylation of cytosine residues, in the endogenous DND1 gene of the plant. Plant parts, including seeds, of the progeny plants that exhibit an improvement in an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance as a result of epigenetically inherited suppression of DND1 gene expression, can also in certain embodiments exhibit increased methylation, and in particular, increased methylation of cytosine residues, in the endogenous DND1 gene. In certain embodiments, DNA methylation levels in DNA encoding the endogenous DND1 gene can be compared in plants that exhibit an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance and control plants that do not exhibit an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance to correlate the presence of the an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance to epigenetically inherited suppression of DND1 gene expression and to identify plants that comprise the epigenetically inherited improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance.

Various methods of spraying compositions on plants or plant parts can be used to topically apply to a plant surface a composition comprising a polynucleotide that comprises a transfer agent. In the field, a composition can be applied with a boom that extends over the crops and delivers the composition to the surface of the plants or with a boomless sprayer that distributes a composition across a wide area. Agricultural sprayers adapted for directional, broadcast, or banded spraying can also be used in certain embodiments. Sprayers adapted for spraying particular parts of plants including, but not limited to, leaves, the undersides of leaves, flowers, stems, male reproductive organs such as tassels, meristems, pollen, ovules, and the like can also be used. Compositions can also be delivered aerially, such as by a crop dusting airplane. In certain embodiments, the spray can be delivered with a pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver the appropriate rate of the composition. In certain embodiments, such a backpack sprayer is a carbon dioxide pressurized sprayer with a 11015 flat fan or equivalent spray nozzle with a customized single nozzle assembly (to minimize waste) at a spray pressure of about 0.25 MPa and/or any single nozzle sprayer providing an effective spray swath of 60 cm above the canopy of 3 to 12 inch tall growing plants can be used. Plants in a greenhouse or growth chamber can be treated using a track sprayer or laboratory sprayer with a 11001XR or equivalent spray nozzle to deliver the sample solution at a determined rate. An exemplary and non-limiting rate is about 140 L/ha at about 0.25 MPa pressure.

In certain embodiments, it is also contemplated that a plant part can be sprayed with the composition comprising a polynucleotide that comprises a transfer agent. Such plant parts can be sprayed either pre- or post-harvest to provide for an improvement in fungal disease resistance and/or nematode resistance in the plant part that results from suppression of DND1 gene expression. Compositions can be topically applied to plant parts attached to a plant by a spray as previously described. Compositions can be topically applied to plant parts that are detached from a plant by a spray as previously described or by an alternative method. Alternative methods for applying compositions to detached parts include, but are not limited to, passing the plant parts through a spray by a conveyor belt or trough, or immersing the plant parts in the composition.

Compositions comprising polynucleotides and transfer agents can be applied to plants or plant parts at one or more developmental stages as desired and/or as needed. Application of compositions to pre-germination seeds and/or to post-germination seedlings is provided in certain embodiments. Seeds can be treated with polynucleotide compositions provided herein by methods including, but not limited to, spraying, immersion or any process that provides for coating, imbibition, and/or uptake of the polynucleotide composition by the seed. Seeds can be treated with polynucleotide compositions using seed batch treatment systems or continuous flow treatment systems. Seed coating systems are at least described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,582,516, 5,891,246, 4,079,696, and 4,023,525. Seed treatment can also be effected in laboratory or commercial scale treatment equipment such as a tumbler, a mixer, or a pan granulator. A polynucleotide composition used to treat seeds can contain one or more other desirable components including, but not limited to liquid diluents, binders to serve as a matrix for the polynucleotide, fillers for protecting the seeds during stress conditions, and plasticizers to improve flexibility, adhesion and/or spreadability of the coating. In addition, for oily polynucleotide compositions containing little or no filler, drying agents such as calcium carbonate, kaolin or bentonite clay, perlite, diatomaceous earth or any other adsorbent material can be added. Use of such components in seed treatments is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,739. Additional ingredients can be incorporated into the polynucleotide compositions used in seed treatments. Such ingredients include but are not limited to: conventional sticking agents, dispersing agents such as methylcellulose (Methocel A15LV or Methocel A15C, for example, serve as combined dispersant/sticking agents for use in seed treatments), polyvinyl alcohol (e.g., Elvanol 51-05), lecithin (e.g., Yelkinol P), polymeric dispersants (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate PVPNA S-630), thickeners (e.g., clay thickeners such as Van Gel B to improve viscosity and reduce settling of particle suspensions), emulsion stabilizers, surfactants, antifreeze compounds (e.g., urea), dyes, colorants, and the like that can be combined with compositions comprising a polynucleotide and a transfer agent. Further ingredients used in compositions that can be applied to seeds can be found in McCutcheon's, vol. 1, “Emulsifiers and Detergents,” MC Publishing Company, Glen Rock, N.J., U.S.A., 1996 and in McCutcheon's, vol. 2, “Functional Materials,” MC Publishing Company, Glen Rock, N.J., U.S.A., 1996. Methods of applying compositions to seeds and pesticidal compositions that can be used to treat seeds are described in U.S. Patent Application publication 20080092256, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Application of the compositions in early, mid-, and late vegetative stages of plant development is provided in certain embodiments. Application of the compositions in early, mid- and late reproductive stages is also provided in certain embodiments. Application of the compositions to plant parts at different stages of maturation is also provided.

The following examples are included to demonstrate examples of certain embodiments. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 DND1 DNA Polynucleotides Give an Effect on Soybean for Efficacy to Phytophtora Sojae Root Rot (PRR)

DND1 ssDNA triggers (Table 2) were tested on soybean (cultivar Williams 82) for efficacy to Phytophthora sojae (PRR). Four reps were performed per treatment. Triggers were applied as pools of 20 nm of oligos in 0.2% Silwet, 5 mM NaPO4 and 1% AMS in Gibco Ultra Pure water. There were 3 to 4 20 nm triggers applied as a pool for a final concentration of 60 to 80 nm (Table 3). 50 μL was applied to each plant; 25 μL per each unifoliate (VC-V1) 12 days after seeding. One day after trigger application the plants were inoculated with Phytophtora sojae as follows: two 8 mm plugs containing PRR inoculum harvested from V8+cef agar plates were ground in a Cuisinart blender and pushed through a syringe. Four agar plates total were used in the inoculation. Of the four plates, two were started 6 days before use and the other two plates were started 13 days before use. One plug each for the inoculation came from the 6 day old plate and the second plug was from the older (13 day) plate. Plants were harvested 22 days after inoculation; roots were weighed and rated for disease. Disease development was observed, as the non-inoculated roots were 3 times larger than the inoculated control. None of the oligo pool treatments were statistically different than the formulation blank or the filtered control treatment. However, pool 5 roots weighed 52% more than the formulation blank and 32% larger than the filtered control roots. (Error bars are large enough that these roots were not statistically different.) Roots were also rated for disease using a 0 to 4 scale; this is a subjective rating scale.

Rating scale: 0=no disease; 1=10% browning of roots; 2=25% browning or roots; 3=50% browning of roots; 4=80% browning of roots.

As shown in FIG. 1: pool 5 had less disease than all the other inoculated treatments; roots in pool 5 treated plants did not have as much browning and had more secondary roots. This is the first time that a direct correlation was observed between bigger roots and less disease in testing triggers to confer efficacy against PRR.

TABLE 2  DND1 ssDNA trigger sequences Sequence Sequences listing gene GGAGAGAGGAGAAGGTGTTGTGCAT coding SEQ ID NO: 34 DND1 CCAGCCCTCCGTCCATGTACAAGCA coding SEQ ID NO: 35 DND1 ATGTAGCCTGTGACTTTTTGCATTC coding SEQ ID NO: 36 DND1 AGCGACTCCCGCGATACGTACGCCA coding SEQ ID NO: 37 DND1 CACCCTGTCACAGATGTTGTCAAGA coding SEQ ID NO: 38 DND1 AAGGCACCATGAAAGCAGCTCGTCA coding SEQ ID NO: 39 DND1 ATTCAAGGTGGTCATGTGGCCTTAT coding SEQ ID NO: 40 DND1 GAGTAGAAGAACAGCGGGTCTATCG coding SEQ ID NO: 41 DND1 ATCACGAATGCGTCGAACCAGAATC coding SEQ ID NO: 42 DND1 TGACAGGAAGTGCCCATTGGTAGAT coding SEQ ID NO: 43 DND1 GCAGCATATTGCAAGAGCCTGCGTT coding SEQ ID NO: 44 DND1 TGCTGCCCATCTCTGACGTTCAAAA coding SEQ ID NO: 45 DND1 CTAAATGGATTGTCATCCACAACTG coding SEQ ID NO: 46 DND1 TTATTGTCATAATGATTTTAATTTT coding SEQ ID NO: 47 DND1 AAGGCACCATGAAAGCAGCTCGTCA coding SEQ ID NO: 48 DND1 CAAACCCCAAAAAATGGGATAAAGA coding SEQ ID NO: 49 DND1 AAAATAGAAGGTATCTAATTTTTAA Upstream SEQ ID NO: 50 DND1 TAAAAAAATAGAAATAACTACATGT Upstream SEQ ID NO: 51 DND1 CTATCTTGGTTTCTTGCTAACTCTG Upstream SEQ ID NO: 52 DND1 TAATTTTATCAACTATTATACCATC Upstream SEQ ID NO: 53 DND1 GAATTTTTAGACCATTCAACCGGGA Upstream SEQ ID NO: 54 DND1 ACATTCTTGTAAAATATTTTCTCTG Upstream SEQ ID NO: 55 DND1 AAGGATATTTACAAATTTGAGACAT Upstream SEQ ID NO: 56 DND1 TTTCATATTTTCTTCATCCCAGCAT Upstream SEQ ID NO: 57 DND1 ATGATGGTAGCATGAGATTACACCC Upstream SEQ ID NO: 58 DND1 ATGGCTCATTTTAGAATAAACTTTA Upstream SEQ ID NO: 59 DND1 ATGGGGGCTCCCGTTAATCCGAAGA control SEQ ID NO: 60 AGCGCCGGTAGCGAGCATACGTATG control SEQ ID NO: 61 ACGACTCTGCTTATTATACTCGGTC control SEQ ID NO: 62 GACATATTAGGGGCGACGTCTCCAA control SEQ ID NO: 63

Control oligos were generated using bioinformatics processes such that they would not match to any sequences in soybean, tomato, cucumber, lettuce, cotton, and maize with identity over 94.7%.

TABLE 3 Triggers were applied in pools of 3-4 polynucleotides each with the oligo amount being 20 nmol in 50 μl total volume in the presence of 5 mM NaPO4, 1% AMS, and 0.2% Silwet L-77. Trt SEQ ID NOs: 1 pool 1 34, 35, 46, 41 2 pool 2 37, 36, 42, 47 3 pool 3 43, 45, 38, 39 4 pool 4 48, 44, 40, 5 pool 5 54, 57, 58, 50 6 pool 6 51, 56, 55, 53 7 pool 7 49, 52, 59 8 control pool 60, 61, 62, 63 9 Form Blank 10 Inoc Only 11 Not Inoc 12 Inoc-plugs only 13 Inoc-tray only

Example 2 Application of Topical Polynucleotides to Soybean Leaves for Control of Soy Cyst Nematode (SCN) Growth Chamber Whole Plant Assay

Soybean seeds were planted in sand in 3 inch pots and allowed to grow for 8 to 11 days. Unifoliate leaves were topically treated with a pool of up to 4 ssDNA triggers targeting either the coding sequence or the promoter sequence of the DND1 gene. 20 nmol each total polynucleotide (80 nmols total) were mixed in a solution containing 0.2% Silwet L-77, 5 mM NaPO4 and 1% AMS in Gibco ultrapure water. The final volume of water was final 50 μL. Each unifoliate received 25 μL of the polynucleotide containing solution. One day after topical polynucleotide application, pots were inoculated with 1000 vermiform SCN eggs. Cysts were harvested and counted 28 days after inoculation. FIG. 2 shows the average total cysts removed from 4 replicas per treatment.

One pool in particular, Pool 3, containing oligos corresponding to SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:38, and SEQ ID NO:39, all in the antisense direction with respect to the DND1 coding sequence, gave particularly good efficacy in terms of decreased cyst number.

Example 3 Topical Oligonucleotide Application and Fungal Testing Methods Application of Oligonucleotides to Leaves for Powdery Mildew Control

Barley seeds are planted in 2 inch pots in the greenhouse. Five days later, barley seedlings are sprayed with nucleotides, either ssDNA and/or dsRNA oligos directed to the promoter and/or targeting the coding region of a target gene of interest such as SEQ ID NO: 1-33. The nucleotide solution applied consists of 6-20 nm of each ssDNA oligonucleotide or 0.5-4 nm dsRNA, 0.1 to 0.3% L77 Silwet, 50 mM NaPO₄ in a final volume of 40 μL water. Two to 4 days post spraying seedlings are infected with dry spores of barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) and 7 days post infection, disease development is scored for the percentage of leaf area covered with powdery mildew.

Cucumber seeds are planted in a 3-inch square pot and thinned to one plant per pot after emergence. When the first true leaf is fully expanded and the second leaf is opening a nucleotide solution of either ssDNA and/or dsRNA oligos directed to the promoter and/or targeting the coding region of a target gene of interest such as SEQ ID NO: 1-33 is applied to the first true leaf or the cotyledons. The nucleotide solution applied consists of 6-20 nm of each ssDNA oligonucleotide or 0.5-4 nm dsRNA, 0.1 to 0.3% L77 Silwet, 50 mM NaPO₄ in a final volume of 40 μl water. Two days later the entire cucumber plant is inoculated with a shower of dry spores of cucumber powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) shaken off diseased plants. Disease severity will be evaluated on the treated leaf and succeeding leaves 10 days later and at subsequent intervals.

Tomato seeds are planted in a 3-inch square pot and thinned to one plant per pot after emergence. Two weeks old tomato seedlings are treated with 6-20 nm of each ssDNA oligonucleotide or 0.5-4 nm dsRNA, 0.2-0.5% L77 Silwet, 50 mM NaPO4, 1% ammonium sulfate in a final volume of 30 μL water. Two to 4 days post spraying plants are inoculated with dry spores of tomato powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici) and 13 days post infection, disease development is scored for the percentage of leaf area covered with powdery mildew.

Example 4 Use of VIGS to Suppress Expression of DND1 Gene for Control of Tomato Powdery Mildew (TPM, Oidium Neolycopersici)

To identify polynucleotide sequences that can suppress DND1 expression and provide protection against Tomato Powdery Mildew infection, polynucleotides as summarized in Table 4, below, were introduced into tomato plants using a Tomato Golden Mosaic Virus (ToGMV) vector. Polynucleotide sequences that exhibit activity using VIGS-mediated suppression of DND1 are subsequently screened for their ability to suppress expression of DND1 and provide fungal and nematode resistance when provided to a plant through direct topical application with a transfer agent.

A modification of the sprout vacuum-infiltration-mediated agroinoculation method for virus-induced gene silencing protocol described in Yan et al. Plant Cell Rep (2012) 31:1713-1722 was used. Surface sterilized tomato seeds (Microtom variety) were first germinated on ¼ Murashige-Skoog media plus Cefotaxime. Approximately three days later, Agrobacterium component A containing ToGMoV:DND1 Suppression Sequence (Table 4) and the ToGMoV component B were each separately inoculated into 10 mL Luria Broth with appropriate concentrations of spectinomycin, gentamycin, and chloramphenicol and shaken at 24° C. for about 1-2 days to prepare an Agrobacterium inoculum containing the ToGMoV vector components. The A genome component is known to encode viral functions necessary for viral DNA replication, while the B genome component specifies functions necessary for spread of the virus through the infected plant (Revington, et al. Plant Cell. 1989 October; 1(10): 985-992). After about one to two days of growth, the Agrobacterium were pelleted by centrifugation and resuspended to a final OD600 of 0.05 in Infiltration Buffer (10 mM MES, 10 mM MgCl, 100 uM Acetosyringone). The Agrobacterium A component and B component were mixed for use at a 1:1 ratio and an Infiltration buffer only control (Mock) was also prepared along with GFP. The A and B component mixture, the mock Infiltration buffer control and the GFP controls were then allowed to incubate at room temperature (˜25° C.) for 3-4 hours. About 3 mls of each sample containing a ToGMV vector with a given test DND1 suppression sequence or control was transferred into a small microtiter dish. Typically, 1 microtiter plate (6-24 wells) was used for each test ToGMV vector with a given test DND1 suppression sequence (typically >5 reps/polynucleotide sequence) and 1 microtiter plate was used for the controls (Mock, GFP). About 3-5 sprouts were added to each well; a vacuum was pulled for 10 seconds and then stopped. Pulling and stopping of the vacuum was then repeated 2 more times. Vacuum-infiltrated sprouts were planted in soil, taking care not to cross contaminate samples. This was accomplished by changing gloves between samples and using new tweezers. Planted sprouts were covered with a humidity dome (70-80% humidity) and left at room temperature (˜25° C.) overnight to recover. After one day, potted sprouts were transferred to a growth chamber (16 hr light cycle, 70% humidity, 200 μmol light, ˜25° C.). Twelve days later plants were scored visually on the first two leaves to obtain an average disease rating/plant (ratings=0, 1, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). Data was analyzed for all replicates using ANOVA Single Factor Analysis (α=0.1).

TABLE 4 Sequences of DND1 tested in the Tomato Powdery Mildew VIGS assay: SEQ ID NO Species Name 64 Tomato DND1-A 65 Tomato DND1-B 66 Tomato DND1-C 67 Tomato DND1-D 68 Aqueoria victoria GFP

TABLE 5 Average Disease Rating on Leaf 1-2 VIGS vector used Average % Disease Percent (%) reduction to GFP Mock 81.25 GFP 65 DND1-A 54.69 8 DND1-B 43.75 26 DND1-C 43.13 27 DND1-D 43.13 27 ANOVA Single Factor: Groups Repetitions Sum Average Variance Mock 6 487.5 81.25 171.875 GFP 5 325 65 109.375 DND1-A 8 437.5 54.6875 398.9955 DND1-B 4 175 43.75 260.4167 DND1-C 8 345 43.125 347.7679 DND1-D 4 172.5 43.125 630.7292 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 17396.75 6 2899.458 10.49402 1.19E−06 1.949626 Within Groups 9670.371 35 276.2963

Potted tomato plants that were Agro inoculated with a recombinant ToGMV vector containing a sequence that provides for suppression of the endogenous DND1 gene showed decrease in Tomato Powdery Mildew (TPM) lesions on their leaves after TPM challenge. See Table 5. No decrease in TPM lesions was observed in control plants subjected to mock (Infiltration buffer only) treatment or a ToGMV vector containing a GFP sequence. Of the 4 fragments of DND1 gene tested, three (SEQ ID NO 65, 66, 67 corresponding to fragments DND1-B, DND1-C and DND1-D) gave comparable results, providing a 27% reduction of TPM lesions compared to the GFP control (FIG. 5). 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for producing a plant exhibiting an improvement in fungal and/or nematode disease resistance comprising topically applying to a plant surface a composition that comprises: a. at least one polynucleotide that comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a DND1 gene or to a transcript of said gene; and b. a transfer agent, wherein said plant exhibits an improvement in fungal and/or nematode disease resistance that results from suppression of said DND1 gene.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide molecule comprises sense ssDNA, sense ssRNA, dsRNA, dsDNA, a double stranded DNA/RNA hybrid, anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, and 59, or wherein said polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, or
 33. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein: (a) the plant is a cucumber plant, the gene or the transcript is a cucumber DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 7, 11, or 19; (b) the plant is a soybean plant, the gene or the transcript is a soybean DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide molecule is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, and 59, or the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 21, or 31; (c) the plant is a lettuce plant, the gene or the transcript is a lettuce DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5 or 9; (d) the plant is a tomato plant, the gene or the transcript is a tomato DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6 or 10; (e) the plant is a barley plant, the gene or the transcript is a barley DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8 or 12; (f) the plant is a cotton plant, the gene or the transcript is a cotton DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 18, 25 or 26; (g) the plant is a melon plant, the gene or the transcript is a melon DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 15, 27, or 28; (h) the plant is a maize plant, the gene or the transcript is a maize DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 16, 20, 29, or 30; (i) the plant is a rice plant, the gene or the transcript is a rice DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 17, 22, 32, or 33; or, (j) the plant is a wheat plant, the gene or the transcript is a wheat DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 23 or
 24. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises any combination of two or more polynucleotide molecules.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said composition further comprises a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a polynucleotide that suppresses an herbicide target gene, an insecticide, a fungicide, a nematocide, or a combination thereof.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said transfer agent comprises an organosilicone preparation.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide is not operably linked to a viral vector.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide is not integrated into the plant chromosome.
 10. A plant obtained by the method of claim
 1. 11. A processed product of said plant of claim 10, wherein said processed product exhibits an improved attribute relative to a processed product of an untreated control plant and wherein said improved attribute results from said fungal and/or nematode disease resistance.
 12. A composition comprising a polynucleotide molecule that comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a DND1 gene or transcript of said gene, wherein said polynucleotide is not operably linked to a promoter; and, b) a transfer agent.
 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein said polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, and 59, or wherein said polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, or
 33. 14. The composition of claim 12, wherein: (a) the plant is a cucumber plant, the gene or the transcript is a cucumber DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 7, 11, or 19; (b) the plant is a soybean plant, the gene or the transcript is a soybean DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide molecule is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, and 59, or the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 21, or 31; (c) the plant is a lettuce plant, the gene or the transcript is a lettuce DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5 or 9; (d) the plant is a tomato plant, the gene or the transcript is a tomato DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6 or 10; (e) the plant is a barley plant, the gene or the transcript is a barley DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8 or 12; (f) the plant is a cotton plant, the gene or the transcript is a cotton DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 18, 25 or 26; (g) the plant is a melon plant, the gene or the transcript is a melon DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 15, 27, or 28; (h) the plant is a maize plant, the gene or the transcript is a maize DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 16, 20, 29, or 30; (i) the plant is a rice plant, the gene or the transcript is a rice DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 17, 22, 32, or 33; or, (j) the plant is a wheat plant, the gene or the transcript is a wheat DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 23 or
 24. 15. The composition of claim 12, wherein said composition further comprises a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a polynucleotide that suppresses an herbicide target gene, an insecticide, a fungicide, a nematocide, or a combination thereof.
 16. The composition of claim 12, wherein said transfer agent is an organosilicone preparation.
 17. A plant comprising an exogenous polynucleotide that comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a DND1 gene or transcript of said gene, wherein said exogenous polynucleotide is not operably linked to a promoter or to a viral vector, is not integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the plant, and is not found in a non-transgenic plant; and, wherein said plant exhibits an improvement in fungal and/or nematode disease resistance that results from suppression of the DND1 gene.
 18. The plant of claim 17, wherein said plant further comprises an organosilicone compound or a component thereof.
 19. The plant of claim 17, wherein said polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, and 59, or wherein said polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, or
 33. 20. The plant of claim 17, wherein: (a) the plant is a cucumber plant, the gene or the transcript is a cucumber DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 7, 11, or 19; (b) the plant is a soybean plant, the gene or the transcript is a soybean DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide molecule is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, and 59, or the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 21, or 31; (c) the plant is a lettuce plant, the gene or the transcript is a lettuce DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5 or 9; (d) the plant is a tomato plant, the gene or the transcript is a tomato DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6 or 10; (e) the plant is a barley plant, the gene or the transcript is a barley DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8 or 12; (f) the plant is a cotton plant, the gene or the transcript is a cotton DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 18, 25 or 26; (g) the plant is a melon plant, the gene or the transcript is a melon DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 15, 27, or 28; (h) the plant is a maize plant, the gene or the transcript is a maize DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 16, 20, 29, or 30; (i) the plant is a rice plant, the gene or the transcript is a rice DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 17, 22, 32, or 33; or, (j) the plant is a wheat plant, the gene or the transcript is a wheat DND1 gene or transcript, and the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to SEQ ID NO: 23 or
 24. 